GENETICS VS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLATFOOT

Abstract

Background: Flatfoot, or pes planus, is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, affecting foot posture and biomechanics. The etiology of flatfoot is widely debated, with genetic predisposition and environmental factors both playing potential roles in its development. Understanding the primary contributors is crucial for effective prevention and management. Objective: This study aims to determine whether genetic predisposition or environmental factors play a more significant role in the development of flatfoot. By analyzing hereditary influence, body mass index (BMI), physical activity levels, and footwear choices, the study provides insights into the dominant contributing factors. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted with 400 participants, equally divided into genetically predisposed and non-predisposed groups. Data collection included family history assessments, BMI calculations, lifestyle surveys, gait analysis, and imaging techniques such as X-rays and plantar pressure analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, applying chi-square tests, logistic regression, and correlation analysis to determine associations between genetic and environmental influences. Key Findings: The study revealed that 75% of genetically predisposed individuals developed flatfoot compared to 40% of non-predisposed participants. Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle were also significant risk factors, with 80% of sedentary individuals and 75% of obese individuals exhibiting flatfoot. Footwear choices contributed to severity but were not a primary cause. Conclusion: Genetic predisposition was found to be the dominant factor in flatfoot development. However, modifiable environmental factors such as BMI, physical activity, and footwear habits significantly influenced the severity and progression of the condition. A combined approach addressing both genetic screening and lifestyle modifications is recommended for prevention and management.