The Evolution of Buddhism: From Theravāda to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna

Abstract

This research paper explores the evolution of Buddhism from its origins in ancient India to its diverse forms today, specifically focusing on the development of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna traditions. It examines the historical, cultural, and doctrinal changes that contributed to the emergence of these branches, highlighting their beliefs, practices, and societal roles. Buddhism, originating in ancient India with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), has evolved remarkably over centuries, leading to the development of distinct traditions. Theravāda, known as the "Doctrine of the Elders," emphasizes monastic discipline and the earliest Buddhist scriptures. Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") expands on the philosophical aspects and prioritizes the Bodhisattva path, aiming for universal salvation. Vajrayāna ("Diamond Vehicle") incorporates esoteric rituals and tantric practices, blending Mahāyāna philosophy with local influences. The evolution from Theravāda to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna showcases how Buddhism has adapted to cultural, societal, and spiritual needs across time and regions.