Nature-Based Tourism in Protected Areas: A Systematic Review of Outcomes for Local People

Abstract

Nature-based tourism (NBT) has emerged as an increasingly significant approach to biodiversity conservation and rural development, particularly within protected areas (PAs). By combining ecological conservation with livelihood opportunities, NBT has been promoted as a pathway toward Sustainable Development Goals focused on poverty reduction, gender equality, and environmental sustainability. This paper critically reviews the work of Thapa et al. (2022), who synthesized global evidence on NBT outcomes for local communities across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Their review identified positive impacts—such as employment creation, income diversification, and cultural revitalization—alongside significant challenges, including inequitable benefit-sharing, social conflicts, and governance asymmetries between state authorities and communities. By organizing the evidence into economic, social, cultural, and governance domains, this paper develops a holistic understanding of both opportunities and obstacles in NBT implementation. Building on these insights, the paper contextualizes the discussion for India, with a focus on Madhya Pradesh’s tiger reserves, where tourism has expanded rapidly. Strategic recommendations are advanced to promote equitable governance, livelihood integration, and participatory co-management so that NBT becomes truly sustainable for both biodiversity and local people.