Assessment of Groundwater Contamination and Evaluation of Remediation Strategies in an Urban Area

Abstract

Groundwater contamination in urban areas has become a major environmental and public health concern due to rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, and inadequate waste management practices. Urban groundwater is increasingly exposed to pollutants from sources such as leaking sewer systems, industrial discharges, stormwater runoff, landfills, and fuel storage tanks. These contaminants—ranging from heavy metals and organic compounds to pathogens and nutrients—pose significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. This study provides an in-depth assessment of groundwater contamination in urban settings, identifying key sources, types of pollutants, and contributing factors. It also evaluates a range of remediation strategies currently employed to mitigate the problem. Remediation techniques such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, pump-and-treat systems, and permeable reactive barriers have been studied for their applicability, efficiency, and sustainability in different urban contexts. The study emphasizes the importance of site-specific assessments, continuous monitoring, and integrated management approaches that combine technical solutions with policy measures and public participation. In addition, the role of green infrastructure in preventing contamination and enhancing urban groundwater resilience is highlighted. This review underscores the urgent need for proactive groundwater protection strategies in urban areas, where demand for clean water continues to rise. By adopting a multidisciplinary and preventative approach, cities can better safeguard their groundwater resources and ensure sustainable water access for future generations.