The Expansion of Global Drug Trade: Historical Milestones, Colonialism, Prohibition, and Ongoing Challenges

Abstract

The development of the global drug trade is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by historical, economic, and political forces. From ancient medicinal and ritualistic uses of psychoactive substances to the rise of vast illicit markets, the drug trade has evolved alongside global trade networks and shifting regulatory regimes. Colonial expansion played a critical role in commercializing drugs such as opium, coca, and cannabis; while in the twentieth century saw the emergence of prohibitionist policies and international control treaties. Despite these efforts, the drug trade continues to present significant challenges, including organized crime, public health crises, and policy debates. Understanding its historical trajectory is essential for crafting effective responses to this enduring global issue.