WETLAND ECOLOGY AND WILDLIFE BIODIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY OF NANDUR MADHMESHWAR WETLAND, NASHIK (M.S.)

Abstract

Wetlands represent some of the most productive and ecologically significant ecosystems on the planet, providing critical services such as water purification, flood regulation, carbon sequestration, and habitat for a wide variety of flora and fauna. The Nandur Madhmeshwar Wetland, located in Nashik District, Maharashtra, holds particular ecological importance as it has been designated a Ramsar Site, highlighting its international significance for biodiversity conservation. This research investigates the faunal diversity and ecological status of the Nandur Madhmeshwar Wetland with a focus on avifauna, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and associated aquatic life forms. The study emphasizes the role of this wetland as a sanctuary for migratory and resident bird species, with over 250 species recorded seasonally, including threatened and endangered species listed under the IUCN Red List. Aquatic biodiversity, particularly fish populations, were also assessed, given their integral role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting the local fishing community. Field surveys, secondary data analysis, and ecological assessment methods such as diversity indices, abundance measures, and habitat mapping were employed to provide a comprehensive picture of the wetland’s ecological status. Findings reveal that while the wetland continues to sustain a high degree of biodiversity, it faces significant pressures from anthropogenic activities such as agricultural runoff, overfishing, unregulated tourism, and encroachment. Climate variability, particularly erratic rainfall and temperature fluctuations, has also been observed to influence water regimes and species behavior. Despite these challenges, the Nandur Madhmeshwar Wetland remains a critical stopover site for migratory birds on the Central Asian Flyway, underscoring its global ecological value.The research highlights the need for integrated conservation strategies that balance ecological preservation with sustainable livelihood practices. It argues for strengthening community participation, implementing eco-tourism models, and adopting modern conservation technologies, including GIS-based monitoring and AI-assisted biodiversity tracking. Policy implications are discussed in light of India’s commitments to the Ramsar Convention and the National Wetland Conservation Programme. Ultimately, this study underscores the significance of Nandur Madhmeshwar Wetland as a biodiversity hotspot and ecological regulator in the Deccan plateau region. It advocates for urgent, multidisciplinary interventions to ensure long-term sustainability.